The aim of the work is to analyze walleye pollock as an object of Russian and world fishery.

Result: The dynamics of the walleye pollock fishery development in the historical aspect is considered against the background of the world fish catch and in the context of different countries from 1950 to the present days. Proposals are given to increase resource conservation in the walleye pollock fishery.

Novelty: the latest up-to-date data on walleye pollock fishing statistics in Russia and in the world is presented, ways to improve the accuracy of accounting for caught aquatic biological resources are proposed.

Practical significance: recommendations for improving catch accounting in the Russian Federation based on the experience of the USSR and other countries are listed.

Methods used: data on catch statistics are given using the FishStatJ software for fishery statistical time series, a review of foreign and domestic published works and the results of our own research are given. During the research, modern instrumental methods were used.

Purpose: to characterize oceanographic conditions and their variability at various time scales within the walleye pollock area, including all Far Eastern seas of Russia, the Chukchi Sea, and the South Kuril and East Kamchatka regions.

Methods: analysis of literary sources and data of expedition studies conducted by the Far Eastern branches of «VNIRO».

Novelty: for the first time, a generalization of current information on the oceanological conditions of walleye pollock habitat in the main areas of its reproduction, feeding and fishing was given.

Results: In the Bering Sea, three periods were identified during 1950–2020: cold period (1950–1976), moderate period (1977–2013) and warm period (2014–2020). Strong year-classes of walleye pollock were formed only over the moderate period. During the modern warming of the Bering Sea migrations of walleye pollock from the US EEZ into Russian waters occurs by one month earlier that favors the pollock fishery in the Navarin area and Gulf of Anadyr. The warming of Okhotsk Sea waters, combined with the tendency to reduction of its ice cover, favor expansion of the walleye pollock feeding area northward and westward. The warming of the Sea of Japan results in a depressive trend for all Japan Sea walleye pollock populations. At the same time, against the background of depression in modern (abnormally warm) conditions, the formation of single strong year-classes of any Japan Sea walleye pollock population is still possible.

Practical significance: the results of this work can be used to improve the methods of the medium-r ange and long-range forecasts of walleye pollock catch.

Objectives: to study the features of the trophology of pollock of different sizes, to identify the dominant species, according to which the seasonal and interannual dynamics of its food supply should be considered in plankton.

Methods used: to solve the problem, TINRO databases «Zooplankton» and «Trophology» were used, which exist in the Excell format, when the methods accepted in TINRO were used as standard for collecting and processing fish feeding and plankton samples; complete processing was carried out fresh in the ship’s laboratories.

Novelty: the elements of novelty are the identified and refined features of the trophology of the Sea of Okhotsk pollock, a modern assessment of the state of its food supply, calculated data on its structure divided into fractional group and species composition. For a sample of 1000 kg of each pollock size class, tables of their daily rations in kg were compiled, broken down into species for the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea and the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean.

Practical significance: materials on the trophology of walleye pollock make it possible to evaluate the food base taking into account the needs of each of its size groups, and according to the tables of their daily rations for the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea and the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, it is possible to quickly calculate the total need for food, and, if data on the stock of fractions, groups and dominant species are available, determine their predation, pressure on the plankton community and competition with other species.

The purpose of the work: to identify the features of the distribution and biology of walleye pollock Gadus chalcogrammus, as well as to provide information on the reserves and development of its resources in the Bering Sea.

Methods used: to achieve the goal, data on distribution, biology, biomass and fishery of walleye pollock were analyzed.

Novelty: elements of novelty are generalized modern materials on the distribution, biology, stocks and fishery of walleye pollock.

Practical significance: at the present stage, the East Bering Sea and northwestern pollock populations are at the average long-term level of biomass, their annual changes largely depend on the background conditions of the natural environment and the development of the food supply, which determine the scale of fish migration from the southeastern part of the Bering Sea to the northwestern and back. In the West Bering Sea walleye pollock, there is a trend towards a gradual recovery of stocks after a period of minimum values  in the late 1990s — e arly 2000s. In general, the current state of walleye pollock stocks in the Bering Sea is characterized as stable, which maintains the fishery at a relatively high level. The results obtained in this work on the characteristics of the distribution and biology of walleye pollock, the state of its stocks and fishing will improve the efficiency of using the raw material base of marine fish in the Bering Sea.

The aim of the work is to summarize information about the reproduction, stock dynamics and walleye pollock fishery in the Navarin region of the Bering Sea.

Methods used: methods and models of the fishery science, allowing to assess the state of the stock in conditions of increased data noise and specific features of the entry of generations into the fishing stage.

Result: the updated estimates of walleye pollock stock status in the Navarin region of the Bering Sea are given. The available data allow us to state that in this area of the Bering Sea there are reproductively isolated groups of winter and spring spawning walleye pollock.

Novelty: it was shown that trends in the biomass dynamics of walleye pollock spawning stock in the Navarin region and the East Bering Sea stock changed synchronously in 1995–2011 and in 2019–2021. While the rest of the time, synchrony was not observed. According to the calculated data, it is expected that the biomass values may coincide for the first time in 2022.

Practical significance: the results obtained provide additional grounds for refining the volume of TAC.

Purpose: To characterize some issues of East Kamchatka pollock reproduction in the last 10 years.

Methods: complex (ichthyoplankton and hydrological) surveys in the Pacific waters adjacent to the Kamchatka Peninsula and the northern Kuril Islands, surveys in the spawning center —  the “North” canyon, located in Avacha Bay, layer-by-layer surveys in the canyons and on the shelf.

Novelty: the currently available data on the main spawning areas of the Eastern Kamchatka pollock were supplemented, new data on the state of the spawning stock, vertical distribution of eggs at different stages of development were presented.

Results: During the period under consideration, the main pollock spawning in Avacha and Kronotsky bays occurred above deep-water canyons, and on the shelf near southeastern Kamchatka and northern Kuril Islands —  in the whole surveyed water area, in some years —  to the south of the island Paramushir. According to the results of ichthyoplankton surveys, model calculations, the spawning stock of the Eastern Kamchatka pollock peaked in 2010, and then it gradually decreased. Currently, resources are at an average level. Horizons of the main pollock spawning in deep-water canyons change in an inter-a nnual aspect. In addition, as egg development, as a result of internal processes occurring in the canyons (internal waves), it, then rises, then falls in the underlying layers of water.

Practical significance: The results of the work can be used to improve the method of assessment of the current and prospective state of stocks, justification of the TAC of the Eastern Kamchatka pollock.

The purpose of the work is to review the history of the development of walleye pollock stocks in the of Okhotsk sea, to analyze the fishery and the state of its stocks.

Methods: literature data, materials of long-term surveys by VNIRO (1997–2002) on the walleye pollock spawning grounds of Western Kamchatka, as well as the R/V «Professor Kaganovsky» in the spring of 2022 were used. Fishery statistics of OSM Monitoring.

Results: The maximum walleye pollock catch (0.91 million tons) in the North Sea of Okhotsk subarea was achieved in 1995. In the period 1998–2001 annual catches averaged 510 thousand tons, in 2002–2008 decreased to 210 thousand tons. Over the past decade, there has been a gradual increase in catch from 286 thousand tons in 2009 to 383 thousand tons in 2020. Pollock catches in the West Kamchatka and Kamchatka-K uril subzones after high fishery rates achieved in 1996–1997 (1.2 million tons), began to decline, falling in 2004 to 191 thousand tons, after which a tendency to their increase appeared. In the period 2016–2019 catches walleye pollock of East Okhotsk sea stabilized at the level of 617–618 thousand tons, in 2020 the catch amounted to 681 thousand tons. The walleye pollock stock in the East Sakhalin subzone is currently at a low level, its gradual recovery began in the mid-2000s in 2019–2020. its catch was 110 thousand tons.

Novelty: New data on walleye pollock stocks in the Okhotsk Sea are presented. Based on the results of a trawl survey conducted in the spring of 2022, the total number of walleye pollock in the Okhotsk Sea was estimated at 56.043 billion ind., biomass —  13.497 million tons, while the commercial stock was estimated at 10.413 million tons and 21.964 billion ind. Maps of the distribution of adult walleye pollock and eggs in the Okhotsk Sea in the spring of 2022 are given.

Practical significance: data on the status of walleye pollock stocks in the Okhotsk Sea will be used to prepare TAC materials, as well as recommendations for rational fishery.

The aim of the study is analyze the state and clarify modern status of walleye pollock stocks in the southern Kuril Islands waters.

Result: Strong year-classes are revealed, which determined pollock stock dynamics in the South Kuril region in the 2010s — e arly 2020s. It is shown, that the maximum pollock biomass since the early 1990s was observed in the early 2010s, and in the early 2020s decreased to the average level. The organization of fishing and the composition of pollock commercial catches off the southern Kuril Islands are differ at low and high levels of stocks.

Novelty: New data on structure and pollock stocks assessment in the South Kuril region since 2011 based on the integrated surveys results are presented. Long-term data on the effectiveness of fishing and the structure of pollock commercial catches in the South Kuril zone are considered.

Practical significance: The obtained estimates of the current state and structure of pollock stock will be used for short-term and long-term forecasts.

Research methods: walleye pollock stocks assessment in the South Kuril region is based on the annual integrated research expeditions in accordance with the standard methods used in TINRO to monitor pollock stocks.

The aim of the study is to analyze the current state of reproduction, resources and pollock fishery in Peter the Great Bay.

Result: It is shown that the increase in pollock abundance is associated with the appearance of a strong yearclass of 2014 in Peter the Great Bay. Pollock biomass has increased significantly, mass spawning has resumed in traditional spawning areas, commercial catch of pollock increased to record levels. However, during the three spawning seasons of the year-class 2014 there was no significant recruitment, so the fish stock is expected to return to a low level.

Novelty: The results of scientific research conducted in the Peter the Great Bay in 2019–2022 made it possible to obtain new data on the reproduction, current state and structure of pollock stock.

Practical significance: The obtained estimates of the current state and structure of pollock stock will be used for short-term and long-term forecasts.

Research methods: The data of research bottom trawl and ichthyoplankton surveys and pollock catch statistics from the Industry Monitoring System (OSM «Fishing») were used.

The purpose: to identification of the features of the distribution and biology of walleye pollock Gadus chalcogrammus, as well as the presentation of information on the stocks of the species and the initial stage of development of its resources in the western part of the Chukchi Sea.

Methods used: to achieve this goal, we used materials from nine integrated trawl surveys carried out in 1995– 2020 on research vessels, as well as coastal studies on the Arctic coast of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, which analyzed data on the distribution, biology, biomass and fishery of walleye pollock.

Novelty: elements of novelty are generalized modern materials on the distribution, biology and for the first time organized pollock fishery.

Practical significance: the Chukchi Sea can be attributed to the most favorable areas for studying the variability of the organization of Arctic ecosystems, due to the instability of climatic conditions on Earth during the period of warming. The obtained results of studies on the distribution, biology, stocks and fishery of such a mass indicator species as walleye pollock will increase the efficiency of using the raw material base of marine fish in this reservoir.

The aim: The aim of this work is focused on a phylogeographic analysis of the relationship between the population groups of walleye pollock Gadus chalcogrammus of the Asian part of the range.

The methods: The analysis of phylogeographic analysis is based on the data of polymorphism of microsatellite markers, a fragment of the mtDNA control region (D-loop) and a fragment of the mtDNA cytochrome b gene. The newness: A comprehensive phylogeographic analysis using samples of spawning walleye pollock individuals from most of the Asian part of the range from the Sea of Japan to the northwestern Bering Sea using various genetic markers was carried out for the first time.

The results: The results of the analysis of the variability of walleye pollock samples by mitochondrial markers (fragments of the cytochrome b and D-loop genes) allow us to distinguish two large population groupings within the Asian part of its range: the first one in the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan, the waters of the Kuril Islands and southeastern Kamchatka and the second one in the Bering and Chukchi seas. Analysis of the variability of walleye pollock samples by microsatellite markers allows us to judge the absence of population groupings in the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan, off the Kuril Islands and southeastern Kamchatka.

The practical significance: When regulating pollock fishing in the Russian waters, it is necessary to establish a single total allowable catch (TAC) for each of the two superpopulations: the Sea of Okhotsk —  Sea of Japan (1) and the Bering Sea (2) combining the sizes of proposed catch for walleye pollock groups belonging to each of these superpopulations.

The purpose of the work is to study the features of specialized pollock fishing in the North Pacific Ocean.

Identification of ways to increase the selectivity of specialized pollock fishing.

Methods used: features of specialized pollock fishing in the North Pacific Ocean were investigated by analyzing regulatory documents governing fishing in Russia, the USA and Canada. The study of the selectivity of specialized pollock fishing and ways to increase it was carried out by analyzing the results of experimental work on the pollock fishing.

Novelty: materials were obtained on the selectivity of specialized pollock fishing by Russian fishermen. Methods are proposed to increase selectivity of specialized pollock fishery.

Result: non-compliance of trawl bag parameters with the requirements of fishing rules in the Far Eastern fishery basin for by-catch of fish of non-mental length was revealed.

Practical significance: the obtained materials made it possible to assert that for the extraction (catch) of pollock in the North Pacific Ocean, which meets the requirements of fishing rules in the Far Eastern Fisheries Basin, there are a number of ways: an increase in the mesh size in a trawl bag to 120 mm or more, use in a trawl bag and with the landing of “T90,” use in a trawl bag flexible selective devices.

The aim: To analyze the main results and achievements of Far Eastern scientists in the field of pollock complex processing.

The methods: In the period from 1977 to 2002, within the framework of research work, research was carried out on the size, mass and chemical composition, safety indicators and technological properties of walleye pollock. In order to determine the nutritional significance and ways of rational use, numerous experiments were carried out, various methods and technological methods of its processing were tested.

The results: In the period from 1977 to 2002, within the framework of research, the size-mass and chemical composition, safety indicators and technological properties of walleye pollock were studied. The proposed technologies for obtaining frozen, culinary, canned, salted, analogue and other products from pollock are considered.

The newness: The created technologies make it possible to provide a comprehensive non-waste processing of pollock, as the ways of using all parts of the fish body have been determined. Innovative approaches and new opportunities for its rational use are shown.

The practical significance: A significant part of the developed technologies has been introduced into modern production in the processing of pollock.

The purpose of this study is a comparative analysis of data on the yield of surimi minced meat from some types of cod fish based on the results of experimental and control work (ECW).

Methods used: experimental and control work was carried out according to the «Methods for determining the consumption rates of raw materials in the production of products from hydrobionts». Calculations of experimental and control work results were performed using software for processing the results in the production of frozen surimi minced meat. 12 ECW were carried out (4 ECW for each type of fish), while 22,150 kg of pollock, 33,400 kg of far eastern goby and 20,650 kg of saffron cod were directed to the production of surimi minced meat.

Novelty: on the basis of the research and development work carried out, data were obtained on the yield of surimi minced meat from cod fish, made on a modern line in the conditions of a coastal enterprise. It has been established that the yield of surimi minced meat from pollock according to the results of ECW is on average 2,0 % higher than the values obtained for the far eastern goby and saffron cod.

Result: an analysis of the modern production of surimi minced meat was carried out, which indicates a trend towards expanding the raw material base for its production due to fish with a high fat content and dark meat color, including warm-water ones; objects of pond aquaculture; low-value and small-s ized fish, which to a certain extent helps to reduce the cost of the finished product. However, pollock 35–45 cm in size is the most preferred raw material for obtaining high-quality «surimi» with a high yield, high degree of whiteness and the ability to form a strong gel.

Practical significance: the results obtained allow us to determine current trends and prospects for the use of pollock for the manufacture of fish food products of deep processing. The unique properties of surimi minced meat and the increase in its production will expand the range of easily digestible fish protein products for various population groups.

The aim: Describes of the production technology of molded multicomponent semi-finished products from minced pollock to expand the range of food products for children using plant components.

Methods used: In the work, we used standard and modified chemical, physicochemical, organoleptic methods, methods of computer modeling and statistical processing of the results.

Element of novelty: Development the range of products based on minced pollock with plant components for the produced of molded products for children’s nutrition of high quality and consumer properties.

Results of the study: Contents of molded products based on minced pollock are substantiated, physicochemical and organoleptic and quality characteristics, energy value of samples of molded products are investigated.

Practical significance: The developed formulations of molded products based on minced pollock using plant components will expand the range of products for children’s nutrition.

The purpose of this study is to identify general trends affecting changes in the values of the output of products from pollock and other commercial species of cod fish, and also includes a comparative analysis of the nutritional value of products from pollock and cod to provide objective recommendations to consumers of fish products.

Methods used: To conduct a comparative analysis, data on the output of frozen products, reference materials and publications on the characteristics of growth, puberty, seasonal changes in biological parameters, fatness coefficient for walleye pollock, northeastern arctic and Baltic cod, Pacific cod were used. In accordance with the “Methodology for determining the consumption rates of raw materials in the production of products from aquatic organisms”, in order to compare the data, the coefficients of consumption of raw materials for the production of products were recalculated.

Novelty: a comparative analysis of the change in the values of the output of products from pollock and the main commercial species of cod fish was carried out for various types of cutting in conjunction with the annual dynamics of biological parameters.

Result: the general trends of changes in the output of pollock, northeastern arctic, Baltic and Pacific cod were determined. Based on the results of a comparative analysis of the nutritional value of products from pollock and cod, recommendations are presented to consumers of fish products.

Practical significance: it has been established that inter-s easonal changes in the output of walleye pollock products average 0,5 %, and the output of Pacific cod changes by 5,4–5,5 %, in northeastern arctic cod the difference in output by season can reach up to 5,7 %, in Baltic cod up to 4,5 %. Cod is more depleted in the pre-spawning period, unlike pollock, so pollock processing is more rational.

The purpose of this work is to consider the question of the criteria for the effectiveness of fishing during the year using the example of pollock of the Severo-Okhotomorskaya subzone.

Materials and methods: The work analyzed the effectiveness of the fishery based on the data of the fishery and statistical information of the Center for the Fishery Monitoring and Communications System of the Federal Agency for Fishery. The main indicators for the analysis were: pollock production by month, production per vessel-day of fishing, number of vessels per vessel, number of vessels per vessel-day of fishing, share of production beheaded + 25 in total production beheaded. The highly profitable pollock fishery of season “A” is observed in February, March and April, which is confirmed by reliably different indicators of the average production volume and the volume of production per ship-day of fishing during these months relative to season “B” (at p < 0.001).

The results of the study: The results of the analysis of the considered indicators may indicate such reasons as the suboptimal amount of the total allowable catch, the development of which requires increased costs and, as a result, reduces the economic efficiency of the fishery, suboptimal schemes for the arrangement of the fleet.

Practical significance: The results obtained during the work indicate the need to take into account economic and social criteria when assessing the efficiency of the exploitation of reserves of aquatic biological resources, which are currently not taken into account in fisheries management.