Brown algae Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata from the White Sea: their biochemical as well as technological characteristics and practical application.

The purpose of the work: To investigate biological, chemical and technological characteristics of Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata growing in coastal zones Onega Bay of the White Sea. To develop scientifically grounded recommendations on their use.
Methods used: Data on biological, chemical and technological characteristics of S. latissima and L. digitata are presented using published works of Russian and foreign scientists, as well as own research results. Standard and modern instrumental methods were used in the research.
Result. The data on biological, chemical and technological characteristics of commercial brown algae S. latissima and L. digitata growing in the Onega Bay of the White Sea are presented. Recommendations on their utilization are given.
The novelty. Based on the analysis of the morphometric parameters of S. latissima, several features and patterns of its growth were identified. The mass of thalli aged 2 years was 6.2 times larger than those of one-year-+, and the mass of three-year-+ thalli was 9.1 times larger. These data, along with information on chemical composition, indicate that S. latissima aged 2 and 3 have the best production qualities and are most suitable for harvesting and processing. S. latissima and L. digitata, aged 2 and 3, collected between August and September, have promising potential for use in both the food and technical sectors. Their individual components can be used in biologically active dietary supplements and pharmaceutical products. Practical significance. Freshly caught algae S. latissima and L. digitata are recommended to be cleaned from extraneous impurities, thoroughly washed in sea or fresh water, preserved as soon as possible by any available method, preferably drying, to preserve quality and further use in the production of food, therapeutic, preventive and pharmaceutical products.

1. Akulina E. A., Bonartseva G. A., Dudun A. A., Kochevalina M. Y., Bonartsev A. P., Voinova V. V. 2025. Current state of study mechanisms biological activity of alginates // Successes of Biological Chemistry. V. 65. P. 381-418. (In Russ.)

2. Amelkina A. S., Antsiferov M. Y., Bakai Yu. Bakanev S. V., Balyakin G. G., Bezborodov A. S. et al. 2024. Status of the living marine resources in the Barents, White and Kara Seas and the North Atlantic in 2024. Murmansk: N. M. Knipovich PINRO Publish. 168 p. (In Russ.)

3. Aminina N. M., Akulin V. N., Yakush E. V. 2020. Marine plants a promising source of fodder and fertiliser for agriculture // Fishery. № 5. P. 67-70. DOI: 10.37663/0131‑6184‑2020‑5‑67‑70. (In Russ.)

4. Bespalov V. G. 2004. Therapeutic and prophylactic preparations from seaweeds. Sankt-­ Peterburg: SPBPU Publish. 160 p. (In Russ.)

5. Blinova E. I. 2007. Seaweeds and seagrasses of the seas of the European part of Russia (flora, distribution, biology, resources, mariculture). Moscow: VNIRO Publish. 114 p. (In Russ.)

6. Bokova E. M., Titov V. M. 2002. Raw materials and production problems of the Arkhangelsk Algae Combine // Proc. of the I Intern. Scient. and Pract. Conf. «Marine coastal ecosystems: algae, invertebrates and products of their processing». Moscow: VNIRO Publish. P. 110-116. (In Russ.)

7. Bordin D. S., Valitova E. R., Embutnieks J. V. Beresina O. I. , Kononova A. G., Kolbasnikov S. V., Bor S. 2020. Alginates in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease // Effective Pharmacotherapy. Т. 16. № 1. P. 12-18. DOI: 10.33978/2307-3586-2020-16-1-12-18. (In Russ.)

8. Vafina L.Kh. 2010. Substantiation of the complex technology of processing brown algae (Phaeophyta) in obtaining functional food products. Abstract. PhD Diss. in technic. Moscow: VNIRO. 24 p. (In Russ.)

9. Evseeva N. V., Matyushkin V. B., Berezina M. O., Melnik R. A., Levitsky A. L., Vlasov D. O., Saenko E. M., Zhiltsova L. V., Bely M. N., Dulenin A. A., Prokhorova N. Y., Sologub D. O., Botnev D. A. 2024. State of resources and fishery of algae and sea grasses in the seas of Russia in 2000-2020 // Trudy VNIRO. V. 195. P. 232-248. DOI: 10.36038/2307‑3497‑2024‑195‑232‑248. (In Russ.)

10. Zadergina P. G., Cherevatova K. A., Borisova A. V. 2023. Production of Low-­ Fat Ice Cream Using Three-­ Component Matrices // Bulletin of KrasGAU. No. 4. P. 180-187. DOI: 10.36718/1819‑4036‑2023‑4‑180‑187. (In Russ.)

11. Kisevetter I. V., Gruner V. S., Evtushenko V. A. 1967. Processing of Seaweeds and other commercial aquatic plants. Moscow: Food Industry. 415 p. (In Russ.)

12. Korzun V. N., Voronova Yu.G., Parats A. N., Podkorytova A. V., Rogalskaya L. A., Saglo V. I., Skorikova A. I. 1992. Alginate prevention of internal irradiation with90Sr // Medical radiology. V. 37. No. 5-6. P. 31-34. (In Russ.)

13. Korzun V. I., Saglo V. I., Besedina T. V., Voronova Yu.G., Podkorytova A. V. 1993.The experience of using marine products in the nutrition of the population living in areas of strict radiation control // Nutrition issues. No. 2. P. 36-38. (In Russ.)

14. Mikhailova T. A. 2001. Development of Laminaria saccharina (Phaeophyta) cenopopulations during settlement of free substrate in the White Sea // Botanical Journal. V. 8. № 12. P. 24-31. (In Russ.)

15. Muravyeva E. A. 2010. Complex technology for obtaining extractive BAS from brown algae of the White Sea // Rybprom: technologies and equipment for processing aquatic biological resources. № 3. P. 54-57. (In Russ.)

16. Podkorytova, A.V. 1980. Dynamics of some free amino acids in Japanese kelp during the growth and maturation of reproductive tissue // Research on the technology of new fishing objects. Vladivostok: TINRO Publish. P. 53-57.

17. Podkorytova A. V. 2005. Marine macrophytic algae and grasses. Moscow: VNIRO Publish. 175 p. (In Russ.)

18. Podkorytova A. V. 2023. Polysaccharides of marine brown algae as natural absorbents of radionuclides and heavy metals // Fishery complex of Russia: problems and prospects of development: I International Scientific and Practical Conference. Moscow: VNIRO Publish. P. 385-391. (In Russ.)

19. Podkorytova A. V., Aminina N. M., Kovaleva E. A., Korzun V. N., Parats A. N. 1992. Changes in the sorption activity of alginic acid during the production of Medical and preventative products // Izvestiya TINRO. V. 114. P. 146-149. (In Russ.)

20. Podkorytova A. V., Arkhipov L. O., Mezhionov A. V. 2022. Marine algae-­macrophytes and their role in solving the problems of food and pharmaceutical supply of the Russian population in modern conditions // Theory and Practice of World Science. № 12. P. 109-113. (In Russ.)

21. Podkorytova A. V., Vafina L. H., Ignatova T. A. 2017. Feed additives from seaweeds and products of their processing. Moscow: VNIRO Publish. 70 p. (In Russ.)

22. Podkorytova A. V., Vafina L.Kh., Muravyeva E. A., Sharina Z. N. 2009. Sanitary and hygienic characteristics of brown algae of the White and Barents Seas // Rybprom: technologies and equipment for processing aquatic biological resources. No. 4. P. 33-39.

23. Podkorytova A. V., Kadnikova I. A. 2009. Quality, Safety, and Methods of Analysis of Hydrobiont Products. Guide to Modern Methods of Research on Seaweed, Herbs, and Their Processing Products. Issue 3. Moscow: VNIRO. 108 p.

24. Podkorytova A. V., Roschina A. N. 2021. Marine brown algae​ perspective source of BAS for medical, pharmaceutical and food use. // Trudy VNIRO. V. 186. P. 156-172. DOI: 10.36038/2307‑3497‑2021‑186‑156‑172. (In Russ.)

25. Podkorytova A. V., Usov A. I., Evseeva N. V., Roshchina A. N. 2023. Commercial algae in the White and Black Seas of the Russia coastal zones: stocks, chemical composition, structure, properties of polysaccharides, rational use // Trudy VNIRO. V. 193. P. 190-215. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.36038/2307‑3497‑2023‑193‑190‑215. (In Russ.)

26. Pronina O. A., Vorobyov A. V., Melnik R. A., Mikhailova T. A., Berezina M. O., Gribkovsky D. A., Shilova N. A. 2008. Methodological recommendations for organizing the collection of primary biological information, assessing the reserves and ODU of commercial algae in the White Sea. Murmansk: PINRO Publish. 74 p.

27. Pronina O. A., Repina O. I. 2005. White Sea commercial algae: raw materials, fishing, and processing technologies // Problems of studying, rational use, and protection of the White Sea’s natural resources. Mat. IX Int. Conf. 11-14 October 2004. Petrozavodsk. P. 269-273. (In Russ.)

28. Repina O. I., Muravyeva E. A., Podkorytova A. V. 2004. Dynamics of the Chemical Composition in Commercial Brown Algae from the White Sea // Trudy VNIRO. V. 143. P. 93-99. (In Russ.)

29. Sokolova V. M., Talabaeva S. V., Podkorytova A. V. 2003. Investigation of rheological properties of fish mince when creating souffle-type products // Izvestiya Higher Educational Institutions. Food technology. № 2-3 (273-274). P. 92-94. (In Russ.)

30. Usoltseva R. V., Zvyagintseva T. N., Ermakova S. P. 2019. Structural Diversity of Laminarans from Brown Algae, Prospects for Use // Bulletin of the FEB RAS. No. 5. P. 84-89. (In Russ.)

31. Shtilman M. I., Podkorytova A. V., Nemtsev S. V., Kryazhev V. N., Peshekhonova A. L., Sdobnikova O. A. et al. 2015. Technology of Biomedical Polymers. Polymers of Natural Origin. Moscow: BINOM. Laboratoriya Znaniy. 328 p. (In Russ.)

32. Encyclopedia «Food Technologies». Fish Industry Technologies. 2019. Part 2. / L. S. Abramova ed. Moscow: VNIRO Publish. P. 183-225. (In Russ.)

33. Fertah M., Belfkira A., Dahmane E., Taourirte M., Brouillette F. 2014. Extraction and characterization of sodium alginate from Moroccan Laminaria digitata brown seaweed // Arabian Journal of Chemistry. V. 10. P. 3707-3714. DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.05.003.

34. Hesp R., Romsbottom B. 1965. Effect of sodium alginate in inhibiting uptake of radiostrontium by the human body // Nature. V. 208. P. 1341-1342.

35. Lorbeer A. J., Charoensiddhi S., Lahnstein J., Lars C., Franco C. M.M., Bulone V., Zhang W. 2017. Sequential extraction and characterization of fucoidans and alginates from Ecklonia radiata, Macrocystis pyrifera, Durvillaea potatorum, and Seirococcus axillaris // J. Appl. Phycol. V. 29 (3). P. 1515-1526. DOI: 10.1007/s10811‑016‑0990‑5

36. Lorbeer A. J., Lahnstein J., Bulone V., Nguyen T., Zhang W. 2015. Multiple-­ response optimization of the acidic treatment of the brown alga Ecklonia radiata for the sequential extraction of fucoidan and alginate // Bioresource technology. V. 197(11). P. 302-309. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.103.

37. Schiener P., Black K. D., Stanley M. S., Green D. H. 2015. The seasonal variation in the chemical composition of the kelp species Laminaria digitata, Laminaria hyperborea, Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta // Journal of Applied Phycology. V. 27(1). P. 363-373. DOI: 10.1007/s10811‑014‑0327‑1.

38. Seaweed Resources of The World. 1998. / A. T. Critchly, M. Ohno eds. Kanagawa International Fisheries Centre. Jap. Int. Coop. Agency. 431 p.

39. Zirmire P., Bhalekar G., Deshmukh M. T. 2023. Alginates: Properties, Alginates Based New Materials use in Biopharmaceutical Applications and Future Prospectives // International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews. V. 4. № 7. P. 2504-2510.