Молекулярно-генетические подходы к изучению устойчивости рыб к болезням

Цель обзора: обобщить актуальные сведения о вирусных, бактериальных и паразитарных болезнях рыб, на устойчивость к которым ведутся в настоящее время поиски молекулярных маркеров. Излагаются преимущества проведения экспериментальных исследований на особях, включённых в полногеномные ассоциативные исследования в сочетании со сравнительным анализом экспрессии иммунных генов у поражённых рыб и у контрольных рыб, не подвергавшихся воздействию патогена.

Используемые методы: сравнительный анализ современных литературных данных, метод деконструкции, при котором тщательно были отобраны исследования, отражающие основные моменты изученных на сегодняшний день данных по иммунному ответу рыб.

Результатом обзора являются структурированные данные по исследованиям иммунного ответа рыб к различным патогенам.

Значимость: аквакультура год от года сталкивается с ростом разнообразия патогенных микроорганизмов, поражающих культивируемую рыбу. Рыбная отрасль нуждается в более эффективных и быстрых методах селекции. Традиционные селекционные подходы, нацеленные на увеличение естественной устойчивости рыб к болезням, требуют десятилетий, что связано с длительными сроками достижения половозрелости рыб. Применение полногеномных ассоциативных исследований (GWAS), а также регистрация таких маркеров, как микросателлиты и однонуклеотидные полиморфизмы (SNP), позволяет осуществлять селекцию с использованием маркерных методов. Исследования показывают, что эти технические подходы могут определять локусы количественных признаков (QTL) и выявлять особей с высокой естественной устойчивостью к болезням. Сравнительный анализ SNP у выживших и погибших рыб позволяет обнаружить специфические генетические маркеры, ассоциированные с устойчивостью, и точно определить их расположение в геноме. Полученные данные являются основой для подбора родительских генотипированных особей для выведения поколений рыб с повышенной устойчивостью в относительно короткие сроки.

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