Relationship between the timing of embryonic and larval development of pink salmon and downstream migration of its juveniles

Purpose: Determine the relationship between the duration of embryonic and larval development of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) under different temperature regimes and the timing of downstream migration of their juveniles.
Research Material: Multiyear average daily data on water temperature and condition of pink salmon embryos and larvae bred in commercial volumes at the Kurilsky (Iturup Island), Lesnoy and Pugachevsky (Eastern Sakhalin) salmon hatcheries.
Methods used: Comparative data analysis, descriptive statistics methods.
Results: The known facts about changes in the timing of embryonic development in relation to water temperature were confirmed: The duration of the interval between the dates of hatching of embryos in the first and last batches developed under different thermal conditions was 2.5 times longer than the interval between the dates of fertilization of eggs from these batches. The extension of the embryonic development period in the last batches was accompanied by a shortening of the subsequent development period until the fry were ready to swim, which reduced the difference in the duration of development from egg fertilization to fry swimming at different temperatures. This process is not only associated with different hatching times and slowed development in the winter period. The identified peculiarities in the changes in the duration of intermediate developmental stages under different temperature regimes suggest that fry developing in colder water goes afloat as less developed. Such regulation of the total duration of embryonic and larval development of pink salmon provides mass migration of its juveniles from rivers in the average annual terms of mass development of zooplankton in the coastal sea.
Practical Significance: The presented article is a scientific accompaniment of the monitoring of pink salmon juvenile downstream migration in order to forecast changes in the stocks of this species of Pacific salmon.

1. Atlas of the Sakhalin Region. 1967 / Komsomolsky G. V., Siryk I.M. eds. Moscow: GUGK. 135 p. (In Russ.)

2. Varnavsky V.S. 1990. Smoltification of salmonids. Vladivostok: FEB of the USSR AS. 177 p. (In Russ.)

3. Vilenskaya N.I., Markevich N.B. 2000. Effect of thermal conditions on age, survival and size of embryonal and juvenile pink Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in experiment // Research of water biological resources of Kamchatka and of the northwest part of Pacific Ocean. V. 5. P. 124–132. (In Russ.)

4. Volobuev V.V., Izergina E.E., Golovanov I.S. 2017. Ecology of the Magadan area pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum) in the fresh-water, estuary, initial maritime periods of life and the major factors defining its survival rate // Bulletin of the NESC RAS. № 1. P. 67–79. (In Russ.)

5. Volovik, S.P. 1967. Methods of accounting and some features of the behavior of downstream pink salmon juveniles in the Sakhalin rivers // Izvestiya TINRO. V. 61. P. 104–117. (In Russ.)

6. Volovik S.P., Landyshevskaya A.E., Smirnov A.I. 1972. Materials on the reproduction effectiveness of pink salmon on southern Sakhalin // Izvestiya TINRO. V. 81. P. 69–90. (In Russ.)

7. Gavrilov G.M., Pushkareva N.F. 1996. Stock dynamics of pink salmon in Prymore // Izvestiya TINRO. V. 119. P. 178–193. (In Russ.)

8. Golovanov I.S. 1982. On the natural reproduction of the pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum) (Salmonidae) along the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk // Voprosy Ichthyologii. V. 22. № 4. P. 568–575. (In Russ.)

9. Gorodilov Yu.N. 2001. Stages of embryonic development of Atlantic salmon. 2. Description and chronology // Col. scientific papers of GosNIORH. Iss. 200. P. 604–618. (In Russ.)

10. Gorodilov Yu.N. 2001. To the problem of strategy of experiments on introduction of pacific salmon in the European basin of Russia // Problems of fisheries. V. 2. Iss. 4(8). P. 604–618. (In Russ.)

11. Gorodilov Yu.N., Goryshina E. N., Svimonishvili T. N. 1988. Regulation of the relative duration of embryogenesis in Pacific salmon of the genus Oncorhynchus // III All-Union Conf. on Salmonid Fishes. Tolyatti: IEVB of the USSR AS. P. 72–74. (In Russ.)

12. Gritsenko O. F. 2002. Diadromous fishes of Sakhalin (systematics, ecology, fisheries). Moscow: VNIRO Publish. 248 p. (In Russ.)

13. Gritsenko O.F., Kovtun A.A., Kostkin V.K. 1987. Ecology and Reproduction of Chum and Pink Salmon. Moscow: Agropromizdat. 166 p. (In Russ.)

14. Dettlaff T. A. 1985.On general principles of the organism integrity in ontogenesis. Journal of general biology. V. 46. № 2. P. 142–152. (In Russ.)

15. Dettlaff T.A. 2001. Temperature-time patterns of development of poikilothermic animals) Moscow: Nauka. 211 p.

16. Zelenikhina G. S., Elnikov A. N., Tochilina T. G. 2015. The downstream migration of juvenile pink and chum salmon in Reydovaya River Iturup Island (South Kuril Islands) in spring-summer season of 2014 // Trudy VNIRO. V. 158. P. 6–14. (In Russ.)

17. Zelennikov O.V., Fedorov K.E. 2015. Early gametogenesis of Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha under natural and fish hatchery reproduction on Sakhalin and Iturup Islands // Journal of Ichthyology. V. 45. № 8. P. 621–632.

18. Zueva K. D. 1965. Smoltification in humpback salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Walb.) without parr stage // Journal of Ichthyology. V. 5. № 2(35). P. 324–330. (In Russ.)

19. Ivankov V.N. 1968. Peculiarities of biology of Pacific salmonids of the Southern Kuril Islands in connection with the problem of intraspecific differentiation // Some issues of biology and medicine in the Far East. Vladivostok: BPI FEB RAS. С. 175–177. (In Russ.)

20. Ignatyeva G. M. 1991. Using the method of relative characteristics of development duration in studying the temporal patterns of embryogenesis in salmonid fish // Col. scientific papers of GosNIORH. Iss. 307. P. 86–104. (In Russ.)

21. Kaev A.M. 2012. Temporal structure and some features of stock dynamics of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Salmonidae) // Journal of Ichthyology. V. 52. № 1. P. 57–67. DOI 10.1134/S0032945211060038.

22. Kaev A.M, Kolpakov N.V. 2022. Stock status of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Salmonidae) in Eastern Sakhalin // Trudy SakhNIRO. V. 18. P. 3–20. (In Russ.)

23. Kaev A.M., Chupakhin V.M. 2002. Early marine period of life of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta of Iturup Island // Trudy SakhNIRO. V. 18. P. 3–20. (In Russ.)

24. Kaev A.M., Romasenko L.V., Samarsky V.G., Sukhonos P.S., Bobrov I.S. 2024. Regional and interannual variability of the temporal characteristics of the downstream migration of juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Salmonidae) in the rivers of the Sakhalin–Kuril Region // Journal of Ichthyology. V. 64. № 5. P. 827–841. DOI 10.1134/S0032945224700516

25. Kanzeparova A.N., Zolotukhin S.F., Balushkin V.F. 2015. Juveniles of pink and chum salmon in the Iska River (Sakhalin Bay, Okhotsk Sea) in the fresh-water period // Izvestiya TINRO. V. 182. P. 55–68. DOI 10.26428/1606–9919–2015–182–55–68. (In Russ.)

26. Kanidiev A.N. 1984. Biological principles of artificial breeding of salmon fish. Moscow: Light and food industry. 216 p. (In Russ.)

27. Kafanov A.I., Sukhanov V.V. 1983. A relation between temperature, the length of developmental period and the life span in poikilothermal animals: ecological/physiological interpretation // Marine Biology. № 5. P. 21–27. (In Russ.)

28. Kirillov P. I., Kirillova E. A., Pavlov D. S. 2018. Patterns of Downstream Migration of Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in the Malaya Khusi River (Sakhalin Oblast) // Journal of Ichthyology. V. 58. № 6. P. 889–901. DOI 10.1134/S0032945218060085

29. Kirillova E.A. 2019. Results of quantitative assessment of seaward migrating fry of Pacific salmon in the Malaya Khusi River (north-east of Sakhalin) // Bull. No. 14 Study of Pacific Salmon in the Far East. P. 211–215. (In Russ.).

30. Kirillova E.A. 2022. Results of quantitative assessment of seaward migrating pink salmon fry in the Malaya Khusi river (north-east of Sakhalin) in 2021 // Bull. No. 16 Study of Pacific Salmon in the Far East. P. 110–118. DOI 10.26428/losos_bull16–2022–110–118. (In Russ.)

31. Kryuchkov G.P. 2007. The hydro/geothermal rate of river valleys for forecasting of conditions of infiltration water supply // Problems of regional ecology. № 4. P. 15–18. (In Russ.)

32. Maksimovich A. A., Zagal’skaya E.O. 1997. Peculiarities of osmoregulation in migratory fish // Russian Journal of Marine Biology. V. 23. № 2. P. 55–63. (In Russ.)

33. Pavlov D.A. 1989. Salmonids (developmental biology and reproduction). Moscow: MSU Press. 216 p. (In Russ.)

34. Pavlov D. A. 1998. Morphological variation in the early ontogeny of teleost fishes. Moskow: GEOS. 264 p. (In Russ.)

35. Pavlov D. S., Kirillova E. A., Kirillov P. I. 2010. Downstream migration in the juveniles of salmonids in the Utkholok River and in its tributaries (north-west Kamchatka). Paper 1. Downstream migration in the young of the year // Izvestiya TINRO. V. 163. P. 3–44. (In Russ.)

36. Plokhinskii N.A. 1970. Biometriya (Biometrics). Moscow: MSU Press. 367 p. (In Russ.)

37. Smirnov A.I. 1975. Biology, reproduction and development of Pacific salmon. Moscow: MSU Press. 335 p. (In Russ.)

38. Tarasyuk E.V., Tarasyuk S.N. 2007. Scale-characteristic method and application of it for perfection bioengineering of pink salmon artificial propagation. Moscow: VNIRO Publish. 149 p. (In Russ.)

39. Chereshnev I.A., Volobuev V.V., Shestakov A.V., Frolov S.V. 2002. Salmonoid fishes in Russian North-East. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 496 p. (In Russ.)

40. Shuntov V.P., Temnykh O.S. 2008. Pacific Salmon in Sea and Ocean Ecosystems. Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr Publish. V. 1. 481 p. (In Russ.)

41. Beacham T.D., Araujo H.A., Tucker S., Trudel1 M. 2018. Validity of inferring size-selective mortality in pacific salmon from scale circulus spacing // NPAFC Tech. Rept. № 11. P. 56–58.

42. Beamish R., Neville C. 2021. The natural regulation of wild and hatchery Coho Salmon production in the Strait of Georgia // Fisheries. V. 46. № 11. P. 539–551. DOI 10.1002/fsh.10651

43. Cross A.D., Beauchamp D.A., Myers K.W., Moss J.H. 2008. Early marine growth of pink salmon in Prince William Sound and the coastal Gulf of Alaska during years of low and high survival // Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. V. 137. № 3. P. 927–939. DOI 10.1577/T07–015.1.

44. Kaeriyama M. 1986. Ecological study on early life of the chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum) // Sci. Rep. Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery. No. 40. P. 31–92.

45. Kogame Y., Saneyoshi H. 2021. Return rates of chum salmon are affected by different timings of juvenile release // NPAFC Technical Report. № 17. P. 57–57. DOI 10.23849/npafctr17/57.57

46. Skud B.E. 1955. Length-weight relationship in migrating fry of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in Sashin Creek, Little Port Walter, Alaska // Copeia. № 3. P. 204–207.