Reproduction, biometric patterns of pink salmon and effect of commercial fishery on the runs of the species on the south of the north-eastern coast of Sakhalin Island in 2021

Purpose: to present up-to-date data on the dynamics of the spawning run, reproduction conditions and biometric characteristics of pink salmon in three reference watercourses in the southern part of the north-eastern  coast of Sakhalin Island, as well as analysis of impact of commercial fishing on the spawning run and distribution of spawners within spawning grounds.

 Methods: common methods of ichthyological research were applied to collect and process field data. Data were  synthesized in MS Excel, analysis and visualization were carried out in MS Excel and Statistica.

 Scientific novelty: results of monitoring of pink salmon in the southern part of the north-eastern coast of  Sakhalin are presented. Despite the intensive commercial fishery in this area, there are no other data on the  dynamics of pink salmon runs, density of breeders on spawning grounds, and biometric characteristics of  spawners, except for those presented in this paper.

 Result: data on the timing of spawning migration, distribution of pink salmon within spawning grounds and  degree of occupation of spawning grounds, temporal structure of spawning run; bio-metric characteristics of  pink salmon are presented. Assessment of the influence of commercial fishing on the dynamics of spawning  run and distribution of pink salmon within spawning grounds is discussed.  

Practical relevance: the presented data is an integral part of information supply of fishery research of the most  widespread species of Pacific salmon - pink salmon, which forms the basis of salmon fishery in the Sakhalin  Region. Also, the presented data is applicable for preparation of scientifically-based recommendations for  optimizing the fishing pressure.

1. Atlas of the Sakhalin Region. 1967. Moscow: HD GC USSR, 135 p. (In Russ.).

2. Vilenskaya N. I., Markevich N. B. 2000. Effect of thermal conditions on the age, survival and size of embryos and fry of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka under experimental conditions // Studies of aquatic biological resources of Kamchatka and the north-western Pacific Ocean. Iss. 5. P. 124–132. (In Russ.).

3. Glubokovskij M.K., Marchenko S.L., Temnykh O.S., Shevlyakov E.A. 2017. Guidelines for investigations of Pacific salmon. Moscow: VNIRO Publish. 80 s. (In Russ.)

4. Goryainov A. A., Koinov A. A., Smirnov V. V. 2009 Spawning run of pink salmon in the Langery River (north-eastern Sakhalin) // Bull. No. 4 of Pacific salmon research in the Far East. Vladivostok: TINRO Publishing House. P. 257–264. (In Russ.).

5. Gritsenko O. F. 2002. Diadromous fishes of Sakhalin (systematics, ecology, fisheries)]. Moscow: VNIRO Publish. 248 p. (In Russ.)

6. Zhivoglyadov A. A., Ignatiev Yu.I., Zhivoglyadova L. A. 2017. Conditions of reproduction and population dynamics of Pacific salmons (Oncorhynchus): the northeast of Sakhalin Island // Journal of Ichthyology. Vol. 57. No. 6. P. 883–892. DOI: 10.1134/S0032945217060133

7. Kaev A.M. 2018. Decreasing of the pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) abundance in Sakhalin-Kuril region as consequence of extreme environmental factors impact // Izvestiya TINRO. V. 192. P. 3–14. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.26428/1606–9919–2018–192–3–14

8. Kaev A.M. 2019. Some results of studies on pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha’s number dynamics on the northeastern coasts of Sakhalin Island // J. of Ichthyology. V. 59. No. 6. P. 885–894. DOI: 10.1134/S0032945219060043

9. Kaev A.M., Gerashchenko G.V. 2008. Reproduction indexes of pink salmon on the northeastern coast of Sakhalin Island // Bull. No. 3 of Pacific salmon research in the Far East. Vladivostok: TINRO Publish. P. 102–106.

10. Kaev A.M., Ignatiev Yu.I. 2015. The Progress of Pacific Salmon Hatchery Culture in the Sakhalin-Kuril Region and Its Importance for Fishery. // Trudy VNIRO. V. 153. P. 95–104. (In Russ.)

11. Kirillova E.A. 2020. Spawning run, reproduction patterns and biometric traits of pink salmon in the south of northeastern coast of Sakhalin in 2020 // Bull. No. 15 of Pacific salmon research in the Far East. Vladivostok: TINRO Publish. P. 90–98. (In Russ.).

12. Kirillova E. A., Kirillov P. I., Kuzishchin K. V., Gruzdeva M. A., Pavlov D. S. 2018. Morphobiological Difference and Reproduction Peculiarities of Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha from Two Rivers in the Northeastern Part of Sakhalin Island // J. of Ichthyology. Vol. 58. No. 6. P. 819– 832. DOI: 10.1134/S0032945218060097

13. Kovalenko M.N. 2003. Features of the behavior of Kamchatka salmonids in the coverage area of trap net // Resources and means of rational exploitation of the coastal waters of Kamchatka. Proceed. of the Scient. and Techn. Conf. (January 25–27, 2003). Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: KamchatGTU. 45–53.

14. Lakin G.F. 1980. Biometrics. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola. 294 p. (In Russ.)

15. Lukina O.V. 1966. On the physiological adaptation of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) to habitat conditions in the Extreme North // Voprosy Ikhtiologii. V. 6. I. 2. P. 366–374. (In Russ.)

16. Pravdin I.F. 1966. Guide to fish research. M.: Food Industry. 376 s. (In Russ.)

17. Rukhlov F.N. 1968. Riverine period of life of the Sakhalin pink salmon // Rybnoe hozyajstvo. № 12. P. 15–17. (In Russ.)

18. Smirnov A.I. 1975. Biology, reproduction and development of Pacific salmon. Moscow: MSU Publish. 334 s. (In Russ.)

19. Khorevin L.D. 1994. Implication of salmon hatchery culture in maintenance of their stocks in the Sakhalin Region // Systematics, biology and biotechnics of salmon breeding. // Proceedings of the Vth All-Russian Conf. St. Petersburg: GosNIRKh. P. 204–205. (In Russ.)

20. Shevlyakov E.A., Feldman M.G., Ostrovsky V.I., Volobuev V.V., Kaev A.M., Golub E.V., Barabanshchikov E.I., Golovanov I.S. 2019. Limits and operational evaluation of the spawners escapement to the spawning grounds as tools for prospective and short-term management of the Pacific salmon stocks in the rivers of the far-eastern fisheries basin. // Izvestiya TINRO. V. 196. № 1. P. 23–62. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.26428/1606–9919–2019–196–23–62

21. Beacham T. D., Withler R. E., Murray C. B. Barner L. W. 1988 Variation in Body Size, Morphology, Egg Size, and Biochemical Genetics of Pink Salmon in British Columbia // Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. V. 117. Is. 2. P. 109–126. DOI: 10.1577/1548–8659(1988)117<0109: VIBSME>2.3.CO;2

22. Bell M. С. 1990. Fisheries handbook of engineering requirements and biological criteria. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Pacific Division, Portland, Oregon. 290 p.

23. Morita K. 2021. Reverse migration of adult pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) to the sea after their return to fresh water // Environ Biol Fish. 105(12). P. 1825–1832. DOI 10.1007/s10641–021–01139-y

24. Murray C.B., McPhail J.D. 1988. Effect of incubation temperature on the development of five species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) embryos and alevins // Can. J. Zool. V. 66. P. 266–273. DOI: 10.1139/z88–038.

25. Smoker W. W., Gharrett A. J., Stekoll M. S. 1998. Genetic Variation of Return Date in a Population of Pink Salmon: A Consequence of Fluctuating Environment and Dispersive Selection? // Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin. V. 5(1). P. 46–54